| ATAA Blast! Newsletter #177 – March 2025
| Dear ~~first_name~~
Welcome to the latest edition of the ATAA Blast! Newsletter, with lots of informative news. Also, we believe that the ATAA will be turning 35 years old this year, so stay tuned for news on how we might celebrate this fabulous milestone.
I should add here that this edition of the Blast news is running about 2 weeks late, because of personal time constraints and issues. I do apologise if this has caused any problems for our readers. And this touches on the topic of "personal life journey". In this day and age many volunteer organisations - such as our ATAA - is finding it difficult to get enough volunteers to help run the different branches of the organisation - such as the national board of directors, or the Councillors who run each Chapter or SIG or Network Group. The ATAA is always looking for more people to step up and help us run the organisation. If you know of someone who might be a useful helper to assist us, please be in touch.
| In this Blast! edition you can see the following, with links for an easy and speedy go-to to the relevant section below:
- ATAA National President's Update.
- ATAA Latest Website Resource Library updates for the latest month - With an update on the immensely useful and growing ATAA Resource Library, including the now hundreds of video session recordings from the SIGs and network groups.
- Online Discussion Forums - This resource is now growing in popularity in the ATAA website (for ATAA members only - login is required).
- ATAA National Board Update - News from the national board of directors. This includes advance notification of a Technical Indicator Innovation Competition - read more below.
- List of all of the ATAA Chapters, SIGs and Network Groups - More opportunities for the ATAA members for networking and learning.
- The ATAA 2025 In-Person Conference update - An update on the upcoming 2025 in-person ATAA Conference in Melbourne in October.
- Updates from the ATAA Chapters and SIGs: The next Bigalow Network online meeting is happening tonight, Friday 7 February. Included below are updates for some chapters: Canberra, Sydney, Melbourne - those that have submitted content. Thank you to: Mark (Canberra) for your ongoing contributions.
- IFTA information update: Latest information from IFTA - the free IFTA Update Newsletter is available.
- TECHNICAL ANALYSIS article - In the article this month we consider the statement: "fundamental analysis is a total waste of time - or is it?".
- Detailed benefits for ATAA members.
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As the national Marketing Director, I am still including key marketing phrases in this Blast!:- the ATAA Tag line in blue below, and the ATAA Elevator Pitch also in blue at the bottom of this email. Feel free to use these in your own correspondence to help encourage new members, and of course to remind existing members of why they are ATAA members.
I do hope you find this Blast! newsletter useful and interesting reading; but do feel free to tell us what you really think, and how we can improve it.
NOTES about this newsletter: The appearance of this email newsletter can be a little different depending on how you view it. In Google's Gmail the Gmail Inbox might show just a portion of this edition. At this stage I am not sure of the best way to work around this issue.
ps: Apologies continue for any odd formatting that you might find which I cannot resolve - font size or line spacing etc - as these seem to be oddities in our CE email editor tool.
Robert B Brain
Blast! Newsletter Editor
ATAA Marketing Director
(and ATAA Life Member)
| The ATAA is the knowledge network
for successful financial market
trading and investing
|
National President's Update – March 2025
February was a busy time for the ATAA board and the Working Groups (WGs) formed to advance our priorities. Both the National Conference and the newly formed National Speaker WGs have been meeting on a fortnightly basis to work on a couple of our key projects for this year. Some of the WGs have common members, meaning that these members are involved in ATAA management meetings on a weekly, and sometimes even more frequent, basis. I wish to thank all those involved for their hard and consistent work to advance the interests of ATAA members at large. We can always use more volunteers in this work, so please put your hand up if you feel you can contribute to these endeavours.
The first event of the National Speaker series is scheduled to be held on Saturday, the 12th of April, so please keep your eye out for that. The plan is to have these events every two months, and the Chapters can use these events in lieu of their regular monthly meetings for that month, if they decide to do so.
The board is continuing its work on other projects to promote the ATAA and its profile.
Jim Haralambidis
ATAA National President
| ATAA Website - Resource Library Updates - recordings from February 2025
Our ATAA Resource Library now has many presentations and recordings going back to 2008. You can drill down on these using the website menu: Resources > Presentations by Date. And alternative way to find something specific on a particular topic is to search the library using the menu option: Resources > Search Resource Library.
The materials recently added to the Resource Library include:
- Thursday 13 February - Melbourne Chapter Hybrid meeting:
- Alan Clement - Global Markets Quarterly Technical Outlook.
- Matthew Jones - Are stocks Near Their High? Developing Answers.
- Saturday 15 February - MetaStock User Group SIG - Darryl Nagel.
All of these items can be found from the ATAA website menu: Resources > Presentations by Date. Make sure to browse the earlier recordings in the Resource Library, because you might never know what you've been missing. And you can also search the Resource Library by keyword.
| | SIG and Network presentations in the Document Library - There is a growing collection of session recordings and other materials in a section of the ATAA website Resource Library. The latest one (from the Forex Network) can be found by following the menu (as shown in the screenshot below): Resources > Resource Library Folders, then expand the tree hierarchy under the Document Library heading: Member Resource Library > Presentations by Group. | | Presentations by Group - Session recordings for some of these ATAA groups can be found on the website:
- Bigalow Network
- Forex Network
- MEL Quant Traders SIG
- FX SIG
- Holy Grail Trader SIG
- MetaStock User Group SIG
- Technical Analysis Chat SIG.
| | | UPDATE:- More information about Chapters and SIGs? - One thing that has been missing from our ATAA website is some permanent information about our Chapters and Special Interest Groups (SIGs), including an overview of any speciality that they provide, and the meeting frequency, day of month and time of day. This information will be up on the website very soon.
Robert Brain
(Marketing Director) | ATAA Online Discussion Forums - Many of our SIG groups and Network Groups, as well as the chapters, have discussion topics in the Online Discussion Forum. Please note that if you post into a Chapter or SIG forum, then only some people will be able to "Reply to" or "Like" your post - other members of your own Chapter or SIG. if you are going to post, and you want any ATAA member to be able to "Like" or "Reply to" your post, then you should post into a forum that is not a Chapter or SIG forum.
The latest Forum Thread to be added in recent days is under the "Trading Strategies and Systems" heading, and is the thread that was started a few days ago in relation to this month's TA Article below - "Fundamental Analysis is a total waste of time!?".
The most active forums currently include: Bigalow Network SIG (34 discussion threads with 44 posts), MEL Quant Trader SIG (28 threads with 81 posts). Other active forums include: RealTest Coders Workshop (13 threads with 43 posts), Adelaide Chapter (14 threads), Trading Strategies and Systems (12 threads), "Indicators and Charting" (8 threads), Brisbane Chapter (6 threads), , "Trading Software and Tools" (5 threads) - just to name a few.
Check out the growing list of online discussion forums on the ATAA website on a range of T.A. and trading topics. And feel free to start a new discussion topic. The link to access the forum (in the website menu) is enabled after you login to the ATAA website.
You can sign-up to receive update emails on specific topics as they are posted. Login and visit the ATAA Forum to see more details.
Robert Brain
(Marketing Director) | |
ATAA National Board updates
| | | Advance notification for ATAA members and Blast! News subscribers
ATAA Technical Indicator Innovation Competition
Bored using the same old indicators?
Concerned that indicators and TA strategies developed in the 1970s
are not producing good enough results?
Wondering whether your strategies are competing with Institutions and
automated traders well enough?
Do you enjoy an intellectual trading and research challenge?
Then enter the ATAA Technical Indicator Innovation Competition!
The ATAA Board invites entries for our Competition in three categories:
1 - Enhancement of Existing Technical Indicators
2 - Development of a New Technical Indicator
3 - Integration of Technical Indicators with Emerging Technologies
Submission Requirements and Judging Criteria for each category will be published on the ATAA website shortly.
Prizes - Final prizes to be confirmed and will likely include:
-
A 12-month data subscription
-
A cash prize or software subscription
-
12 months ATAA membership
Judging - A panel of three judges will decide winners in each category.
Winners to be announced at the ATAA Annual Conference in Melbourne on October 18-19, 2025.
STAY TUNED FOR MORE INFORMATION SOON, AND IN THE NEXT EDITION OF THE ATAA BLAST! NEWS | ATAA Marketing Working Group Update
| |
You can have your own ATAA pull-up banner at your in-person meetings, to help welcome your members and guests. The Marketing Working Group recently arranged a new pull-up banner with a new QR code included. It's been in use at the Melbourne chapter meetings in South Yarra since November 2024. At the entrance to the hotel function room, it certainly helps any newbies confirm they are in the right room for the chapter meeting, and it flags to other people that their own meeting or function must be in a different function room. This banner cost less than $100.
Robert B Brain
ATAA Marketing Director
| | | | The official ATAA email signature block. Are you using this email signature block yet? if not, why not? It's easy to download it and set it up as the footer in each of your new email messages, and in your replies to emails. This jpeg file (shown herewith) is available for ATAA members to download from the "Resource Library", and then include it in your own email signature block at the bottom of your emails. To find this file and download it, login to the ATAA website and use the menu option: Resources > Resource Library Folders > Association Documents > Marketing. | | |
ATAA 2025 In-Person and Hybrid Conference - October 18 and 19
“The Future of Trading – Blending Classic Tactics with Smart Technology”
We’re thrilled to announce this year’s highly anticipated conference, where trading meets innovation! Whether you’re an experienced trader or just looking to sharpen your edge, this event is your opportunity to stay ahead of the curve in a rapidly evolving industry.
Why You Can’t Miss This:
- Expert Sessions: Gain invaluable insights from industry-leading trading specialists from both Australia and overseas over two packed days of learning.
- Actionable Strategies: Discover practical trading ideas, risk management tips, and how to leverage cutting-edge AI tools to boost your performance and profits.
- Unparalleled Networking: Connect with like-minded independent traders and industry professionals to expand your network and open new doors.
- Market Mastery: Learn strategies to navigate all market phases, especially during these uncertain times.
- Exclusive Gala Dinner: Socialise with speakers and fellow attendees in a relaxed, elegant setting.
- Premier Venue: Enjoy Melbourne’s vibrant central location, with discounted room rates available exclusively through conference registration.
Key Details:
- Dates: October 18–19, 2025
- Location: Central Melbourne
Mark your calendar now, and keep an eye on your inbox for registration details coming soon!
Do you have a speaker in mind you’d love to see at this event? Or maybe a sponsor you think should be involved? We’d love to hear from you! Email your suggestions to conference-wg-2024@ataa.asn.au.
We can’t wait to welcome you in October for two incredible days of learning, networking, and inspiration. Let’s shape the future of trading together!
Alan Clement
ATAA (Conference) Director
| CHAPTER and Special Interest Group (SIG) news and updates
| ATAA Chapters, SIGs and Network groups
For the benefit of ATAA members everywhere, the ATAA has a number of: Chapters, and Special Interest Groups, and Network Groups. Current financial members are free and welcome to participate in any of these. We are hopeful that all of these groups will submit some information for publication in the Blast! News from time to time, to help our hundreds of readers understand more about the opportunities and benefits for ATAA members.
For the latest meeting information, check the ATAA website for details, and also scroll down the website home page to see the latest announcements, presentations and updates to the resource library.
| | ATAA Chapters (alpha order) meeting monthly
- Adelaide
- Brisbane
- Canberra
- Melbourne
- Newcastle
- Perth
- Sydney
| | SIGs and Networks (and contact names)
- Melbourne Quant SIG (Jim Haralambidis)
- RealTest Coders (online) Workshop (Chris Meakin, Robert Grigg)
- Bigalow Network (Romy Baker)
- Forex Network - FN (Romy Baker)
- MetaStock Users SIG (Jerry Bongard)
- FX SIG (Mike Smith)
- TA Practice SIG
See the ATAA website for latest information.
| | | A screenshot from the ATAA website Document Library showing where presentations are accessible
| The Canberra Chapter enjoyed our first meeting of 2025 in the Board Room of Eastlake Football Club.
Gabriel provided details of the new portfolio competition which will run throughout the year. We have an astute group and I look forward to checking both percentage and actual dollar gains with the new guidelines.
Bruce completed the ASX review and there was some discussion about geopolitical influences on a range of International and local markets resulting in increased volatility. Chris Meakin presented the first in a series of short presentations on Rules Based Trading focusing on liquidity. We all gained some valuable ideas on some parameters to use in algorithmic and manual trading.
Mark facilitated the group doing individual analyses of their own current Technical Analysis patterns and habits. Each meeting participant hopefully now has a blueprint to improve their trading in the coming months and will be committed to follow through.
Our next meeting will be held on Tuesday, 18th March in the Boardroom at Eastlake FC in Griffith. Our meeting will be screened nationally with our guest speaker, Shawn Hickman, research analyst at Market Matters. Shawn will look at the intersection of Macro Economics and Trading.
Remember to bring your portfolio selection to our next meeting. If you would like to enter the portfolio competition and cannot make it to the meeting, send your selection by email to gabriel.spacca@ataa.asn.au.
Good trading and good health.
Mark Gleeson
ATAA Canberra Chapter President
[The Canberra Chapter generally meets on the third Tuesday each month.]
| The March meeting of the Brisbane chapter scheduled for Saturday the 8th had to be cancelled and moved to the 15th because of the threat posed by Tropical Cyclone Alfred.
When Alfred was approximately 400 kms east of Brisbane, the Bureau of Meteorology predicted it would turn west and head for the coast. As it got closer to making landfall, it was interesting to listen to the differences in the weather reports by the TV channels about where and when Alfred would cross the coastline; reference was often made to the various meteorological models being used.
Could there be a connection between a cyclone’s path predictions and what we do in reading a stock’s price chart? I asked ChatGPT the question ‘what are the similarities between a cyclone and a stock's price?’ and it came back with a report with the following headings: Volatility and Fluctuations, Patterns and Trends, External Influences, Potential for Rapid Change, Risk and Uncertainty and Cyclic Nature.
The report summary said: In essence, both cyclones and stock prices are dynamic systems that are influenced by multiple factors, can change rapidly, and are difficult to predict with complete certainty.
(The report can be found on the ATAA website/ Forums/ Brisbane Forum/ AI and Technical Analysis)
In our February meeting, Greg Rowbottom gave a coverage of the Shooting Star candlestick by running through the very detailed library of information on the ATAA website produced by the participants of the Steve Bigalow discussion group. Another member Dan, gave an explanation of his work on using the backtesting tool in VectorVest to test his premise of Volume as a Leading Indicator.
We are planning to run a series of presentations on Artificial Intelligence and the Technical Analysis of Stock Prices. If any member has information to share on this topic, please send an email to me at - ataa.brisbane@gmail.com.
The Brisbane Chapter meetings are held on the second Saturday of the month from 9:30 am – 3:00 pm.
The address is 49 Gladstone Road, Highgate Hill, (corner Morris Street). Highgate Hill is within walking distance from the Southbank train station. Car parking is available at the back of the building and in Morris Street. The 196 bus runs from Adelaide Street (CBD) or the Cultural Centre Busway station and stops at the address.
Saturday meetings try to be structured along the lines of theory in the morning and application in the afternoon. The one hour lunch break makes for great member networking.
There is only a small pool of visiting speakers in Brisbane proficient in technical analysis so encouraging members to present is important to us and this will be our focus during 2025.
Tim Young
ATAA Brisbane Chapter President | | RealTest Coders online Workshop
| | | The RealTest (RT) Coders monthly workshop (operating under the Melbourne Quant SIG) continues to draw regular numbers of participants from as far afield as the US and Italy. (The half price overseas membership has been reinvigorated to encourage these participants to join the ATAA).
Recent meetings have involved developing RT-based strategies from published papers – a paper is nominated and accepted, and participants spend the intervening month or two reading and understanding the paper and then coding it up. We then share and compare our results.
Users also present their own code to everyone for evaluation, getting real-time feedback and improvement, with everybody learning in the process and solving any coding issues they may have.
The meetings are aimed at competent users of RealTest, but new users and intending users are more than welcome to join. A number of participants have also formed small ‘coding buddy’ groups (2-4 users) to develop and code up strategies collaboratively.
I have found the meetings very informative, and they have advanced my knowledge of and expertise in RealTest, coding and trading.
Chris Meakin
| The Melbourne Chapter continues to host monthly hybrid meetings (except in the month of January) and we are still broadcasting the 2-hour segment of 6pm to 8pm by Zoom, and the recordings go into the ATAA website Resource Library - use the website menu: Resources > Presentations by Date. For those of you who are not able to be in the meeting room,you are missing the invaluable networking (or "common gossip") from 5.15pm to 6pm (including free finger food), the interactions in the room during the broadcast session 6-8pm, and then further networking and guest speaker mingling over dinner after 8pm.
The one thing about networking at an in-person ATAA meeting is that you can "talk shop". That is, you can have an intelligent discussion with fellow ATAA members about the financial markets - and that's something that most of our members can't do at home, or in their regular circle of friends, because most of those people are simply not interested, or don't understand the nuances of the markets and of technical analysis.
The Melbourne Chapter Council team has spent time trying to find ways to entice more people to attend in-the-room, and to also encourage more people to tune in online. One initiative we will soon be trying is to have a representative from a broker firm do a 30-minutes presentation on their trading platform. Of course, we will encourage them to keep their own company promotions to the last 2 or 3 slides and the last 5 minutes of the session.
Also, all ATAA members who attend our meetings are given a "Door Prize" raffle ticket, with the winning tickets drawn during the mid-session break (when we change-over the speakers). You see, we still have a truck-load of pre-loved trading and technical analysis books to give away at our meetings with more coming, and these are used as the Door Prizes in the Member give-away. And some of these books are absolute gems - for free!
Don’t forget that public transport (tram) runs past the hotel front door, and there is ample car parking around the corner.
Robert Brain
ATAA Melb Chapter President and interim Secretary
(for the Council team: Paul Ash, Jim Haralambidis, Keith Mundy, Tony Hambling, Tony Leonard, Robert Grigg). | Bigalow Network and
Forex Network (FN)
| The March Bigalow network re-scheduled due to cyclone. The March online meeting will be Friday 21 March 7:30pm AEDT. More details are on the ATAA website, and in Friday's promo email. You're not sure what the Bigalow Method is all about? See information about Stephen Bigalow and his ideas and methods. The February online-only meeting will be Friday 7 February. See the session details on the ATAA website]
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Romy Baker
0414 554 967 | Don't forget, we have a total of seven chapters around Australia, including: Brisbane, Perth and Newcastle as well as several Special Interest Groups (SIGs) in which members can participate. You can see a list of the seven chapters and their office-bearers on the website - use the menu option: ATAA Overview > Current Office-Bearers > Chapter Councillors > Subcommittees. See the ATAA website for latest meeting and event details.
- Adelaide Chapter generally meets in-person on the third Wednesday of the month.
- Perth Chapter generally meets on the third Thursday of the month.
- Brisbane Chapter generally meets... second Saturday of the month? TBC
- MetaStock Users SIG - Contact Jerry Bongard, jerry.bongard@ataa.asn.au
- RealTest Coders Workshop (sub-group of the Quant SIG) - Meets online, generally on the second Monday of each month at 8:00 pm. EST (to give members in western states a better chance of attending). SIG Coordinators: Chris Meakin and Robert Grigg.
| About IFTA (International Federation of Technical Analysis) - It is the umbrella organisation for Technical Analyst societies around the world.
IFTA webinars: See the latest information about up-coming and past webinars on the IFTA website. | IFTA Update (Newsletter)
The March 2025 IFTA Update (newsletter) Issue is now available for download. In this issue:
- President's Report to Colleagues
- Member News
- IFTA 2025 Conference - Frankfurt, Germany
- Bronwen Wood 2024 Award
- Lifetime Achievement 2024 Award
- IFTA Call for Submissions
- Education Lounge: How High is the High
- Congratulations New CFTes!
- Calendar-at-a-Glance
- and more
The next submission deadline for the June 2025 issue is as follows:
All content: 15 May submissions by email to admin@ifta.org | IFTA and ATAA members - ATAA members are automatically affiliate members of the International Federation of Technical Analysts. ATAA membership gives you access to IFTA resources including: certification programs, educational events and networking opportunities, including participation in the IFTA Conferences. The information below is the latest update from IFTA.
IFTA Update (quarterly newsletter) - The IFTA Update is a quarterly newsletter that is available to members of the ATAA.
| Join the ATAA to improve your understanding of how to
invest or trade successfully in the financial markets
focusing on the correct use and application of Technical Analysis
| |
TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
and Trading Tips
| | | Fundamental Analysis is a total waste of time
or is it?
| Over the years I have heard many successful traders say that: “everything that you need for trading decisions is in the charts – fundamental analysis is a waste of time”.
But there are also many other traders and investors who do use some fundamental analysis metrics to help them with their trading decisions. It might only be one or two key metrics to help mitigate the risks – such as a company with a low debt/equity ratio – but they do use it.
What do you think? Is fundamental analysis a total waste of time?
| Don’t forget the 3Ways Rule – This is an important point to remember. At any one point in time a security’s share price will be in one of three states – an uptrend, or a downtrend, or no trend. Once the investor or trader accepts this, then some of the Dow Theory tenets make more sense.
The long-term hold strategy – This strategy is employed by those investors who believe that it is useful to hold stocks for the long-term. The professionals in the finance industry espouse this approach, so it must be true – or is it? Many of the technical analysts among us believe that Dow Theory is sound, and we believe that once a price trend is confirmed it is likely to continue until it is confirmed to be over (that’s one of the six tenets of Dow Theory). So, for example, once a downtrend is confirmed, it is likely to continue until it is confirmed to be over. So when a share price is in a downtrend, it could be said that being into the downtrend is almost like throwing money away – or perhaps gambling on a change in trend.
Useful fundamental analysis metrics – Among all of the fundamental analysis metrics that are available, most of them will change only twice each year – when the twice-yearly company financial report is made public. Metrics such as: Total Shares on Issue, Earnings per Share, Dividend per Share, and Market Cap. Some metrics are calculated daily based on the share price of the day, and one of the twice-yearly metrics – such as the PE Ratio. But then there are two PE Ratios, so which one are we talking about?
Two PE Ratios? – As most of us know, the PE Ratio is the “Price to Earnings” ratio – the latest share price divided by the earnings per share. However, some analysts and brokers use the latest earnings measure from the last half-yearly report which will not change, and so the PE ratio is the latest available share price divided by the latest announced earnings amount (per share) – this is the Historic PE (aka Trailing PE). However, some analysts and brokers use the forecast earnings amount – which is an estimate of the future earnings at the next reporting period. However, a hundred analysts will have many different estimates of the future earnings, resulting in a variety of values for the Forward PE ratio.
| Using fundamentals to compile your Stock Universe – When traders and investors consider which securities to include in their “watchlist”, many of them will exclude some securities for a variety of reasons. One commonly used criteria is the liquidity of the shares. Many traders only trade shares that are liquid enough for them to be able to close their position quickly if their exit strategy is triggered. Out of the more than 2,000 securities on the ASX, only about 600 to 700 are liquid enough to trade – depending on your own measure for liquidity (which might be, for example, the weekly volume traded, or the weekly value of shares traded).
Another criteria to help decide which securities to include in your Stock Universe is one or more fundamental analysis metrics. A useful one is the Debt to Equity (D/E) ratio – the common formula for calculating this is to take the Total Liabilities and divide the value by the Shareholder Equity. Some traders say that if the D/E ratio is as high as 1 or even 2, then it indicates a highly geared company which might be in financial difficulty if the economy turns, or if financing becomes difficult or expensive. So by eliminating highly geared companies from our Stock Universe we are mitigating this risk from our portfolio.
Funda-Technical Analysis – This analysis method for identifying investing or trading candidates involves the use of fundamental analysis to help compile our Stock Universe, and then use technical analysis on our Stock Universe to look for buy signals according to our trading strategy.
Summary – So, is fundamental analysis a waste of time? From the above brief discussion we can see that it depends on the view of the individual trader/investor, and their own approach to the market. But there might be a lot more to this discussion than the views that are included above. Readers are encouraged to do some research, and also join in the discussion on the ATAA Forum (for ATAA members, after logging in to the ATAA website).
Happy, and safe, investing / trading
Robert Brain | ATAA Member Perks and Benefits
| If you're not an ATAA member, and you are considering joining, you might be interested to know there are many good reasons to sign-up, including:
- Invaluable education opportunities (with discounts for members);
- Huge and extensive Resource Library (access for members);
- Networking opportunities - meet with like-minded peers for trading and investing discussions;
- Special Interest Groups (SIGs) (only for members) - there are several;
- News and information;
- Online Forums;
- Annual ATAA Conference (discounted for members).
| In Closing
As I said at the top, my apologies continue for any odd formatting that you might find herein - font size or line spacing, etc - but these seem to be oddities in our CE email editor which are very elusive.
I do hope you have found this edition of the Blast! Monthly News both interesting and useful. Feel free to send my any feedback - good or bad.
Robert B. Brain
Blast! Newsletter Editor
| |